T:

Actuals=make P whole w/$.(T: Look back).

Nominal=can’t prove actuals so small to get punitives.

Punitives= >NEG. W/Damages/Restitution. Factors: 1)Degree Fault; 2)Proportional Increase w/Actuals; 3)Wealth of D. DP Limit=BMW=paint. Remittitur.

K:

Expectations=Look to future. Benefit of Bargain.

Consequentials=rsbly frsbl at time of K(Hadley).

Liquidated Damages Clause=Valid: 1)uncertain at K; 2)good estimate.  Invalid: Penalty(too hi, not lo)

Preclude SpecPerform if express(“sole/exclusive”).

No Punitives=Except: bad faith by insuror co. 

RESTITUTION=Split: Unjust Enrich only damages inadequate.

Legal:

Money: Damage/Money restitution=not both.

T: Quasi-K: Get D’s Benefit-$(Rental Value). Punis too.

K: Quasi-K=not w/K, rather benefit conferred. Builder spend more than K&buyer breach!

Repelevin: Recovery specific personal prop.(not BFP).  Prelim Writ: hold during trial=DP: 1)hearing(can be after); 2)Affidavits; 3)Decided by judge.

Ejectment: Recovery of Real prop. Can kick out some Trespasser who is effecting ouster. Sheriff goes out.

Equtable: (T&K)

Constructive Trust: Value goes up: 1)D has title; 2)Acquisition traceable to wrongdoing. BROAD&flexible

Equitable Lien: Value goes down: 1)D has title; 2)Title/improvement/addition traceable to wrongdoing.

      Bankruptcy=Trust&Lien=Secured Creditors. Equitable beats judgment lien b/c attach w/wrong not judgment.

Tracing Rules=wrongfully gained $ commingled. 4 way Split: 

1)Lowest Intermediate Balance rule: only up to lowest amount in account.

2)Replenishment=Intent(constructive) replace your money then can get equitable lien against current amount.

3)Follow Where You Want=steal 10 & put in account to 20.  Buys 10 in stock & blows 10 in Vegas.

4)Proportional Gain Rule=Gain Proportional gain in whatever he buys, your choice.

INJUNCTION= I Put Five Bucks Down ; I’m Doing Fine Mom Dad

Parties&Privies w/notice=bound(any close relationship); Enforce w/Contempt(Must Comply w/Injunction even if invalid);  Tort InjunctionsTROs=Ex Parte(if tried): Maintain Status Quo.  Preliminary Injunction=Not Ex Parte:  1)Status Quo; 2)Likely success on merits; 3)Relative party hardship.

T: Injunction=

Inadequate Legal Remedy=Damage Speculative;

Multiplicity of suits, Irreparable Injury; Unique-land.

Property right(maj let anything satisfy);

Feasible=Enforce? Negative is easier; Mandatory=supervise&hard; PersJx.

Balancing=Maj. If D not intentional then balance relative hardships for encroachment & nuisance;

Defenses=1)1^stAmd=No prior restraint.(Content=SS. Neutral=necessary for imp %{nat’l sec; trade libel competitor}; 2)Laches=inaction by P to D’s detriment. Still damages; 3)Unclean hands=dishonorably in relation to this trxn; 4)Criminal Act=NO. Except: nuisance/public nuisance).

K: Specific Performance= Not for breacher!!

Inadequate Legal Remedy=Damage Speculative; Multiplicity of suits, Irreparable Injury; Unique-land.

Definite&Certain=Higher than for Damages.

Feasible=Enforce? Employment=no(except: neg w/competitor); SP land out of state if PersJx. 

Mutual=both performance right; Incapacity(Insane/kid)= Security of Performance test(pragmatic).

Defenses=1)1^st Amd=gov may enforce for national security. Private Parties can use non-disclosure w/specific performance; 2)Laches; 3)Unclean hands=dishonorably in relation to this trxn; 4)Hardship=1)Onerous Terms & 2)Inad consideration. Still damages, not SP{Campbell Soup);  5)Mistake&Misrepresentation=if hardship/rescission.

Rescission=Eliminate K&damages. Still Quasi-K.

Reformation=redo K terms. Only if scriveners error..

Torts Special Eg:

Real Property=

Conversion=Damages(value at conversion / fluctuate in value then highest until rsbl to replace / when D disposes chattel / P asks D, get value at refusal);

Trespass=

T causing Severance=(taking trees or coal so can get conversion too) Damages=diminution of value as result of  severance(probably equal to conversion)[vs value of severed in T effecting Conversion(value of severed prop by conversion rules above)]; Restitution=get benefit to other side as in improved view by cutting down my trees;  Injunction=land, feasible if catch in time; no balancing.

T effecting Ouster=squater/A/P/holdover tenant/co tenant: Restitution: ejectment+rental value.

Physical Injury to Real Property=cost to repair/diminution of value. Injury to attachment then cost of repair, if to real estate then cost diminution of value.

Defamation: prior restraintsàno injunction just damage.

Trade Libel=can get injunction here b/c it is an exception to no prior restraint rule.

Nuisance=Defenses: coming to nuisance is not a good defense(unless isolated factory)!  Zoning Ordinance compliance not a good defense to Nuisance.

Private Nuisance=

Temporary=

Damages=dimunition in rental value or diminution of value during nuisance + cost of abate. Restitution=no. Injunction=Inadequate b/c land is unique & $ damages per se inadequate & also multiplicty of suits, prop, feasible to just shut it down or conditional order: close down or change your operation to reduce pollution; Balance: always balance all interests of society&D  vs P&non-parties who are similarly situated(its about origins of land use planning); Defenses=laches, unclean hands, Exception for crimes here Equity will work.

Permanent=Damage=dimunition in FMV + cost to abate. Restitution=no.  Injunction=just above.

Public Nuisance=Activity injurious/potentially injurious to public health or welfare=Lewd show; unlicensed Dr., Polluter, rock concerts, seller of impure foodèpublic welfare at large is put in risk & sometimes violation of criminal stt.  Private person enforce if has/threatened injury.  Damages=Diminution of value + abatement.  Generally no Restitution.  Injunction=Inadequate legal remedy b/c of irreparable injury or real property *but Must also show that public legal remedy is inadequate: (1)public not enforcing{DA not}; or 2)Fine is not enough;  Propety(sometimes personal); Feasible, Balancing(generally no b/c gets so much benefit can’t really balance); Defenses.

K Special Eg

Output/Requirements K=Specific Performence=Yes. inadequate damages b/c unsure number & multiplicity.

Real Prop K=Abatement in purchase price=if promised 10 acres(not say more/less) & only have 9 acres then if still wants it can get reduction in price).

Construction Ks=

Owner/Buyer breach: builder can sue in restitution for FMV for work done ie. even if more than K price.

Personal Service Ks(employment)

Restitution=

Employer Breach=ee can gets amount fmv of work already performed even if more than K price.

Employee Breach=er can recover payment made in advance & can recover $ paid.(unlikely)

Specific Performance/Injunction=I: usually others can do job unless very specialized work; D: must be more definite; F:  no specific performance ee/er(injunction preventing from fulfilling threat of working w/another competitor its not specific performance its an Injunction!);  M: Incapacity; D: usual.